Description

Content
1. Introduction2. History of Physiology 3. Food 4. Carbohydrates 5. Proteins 6. Lipids 7. Minerals 8. Water 9. Vitamins 10. Vitamin A 11. Night Blindness 12. Xerophthalmia 13. Vitamin D 14. Rickets 15. Osteoma Lacia 16. Vitamin E 17. Vitamin K 18. Vitamin B Complex 19. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) 20. Beriberi 21. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 22. Vitamin B3 (Niacin) 23. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) 24. Pellagra 25. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) 26. Vitamin B7 (Biotin) 27. Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) 28. Vitamin B12(Cyanocobalamine) 29. Vitamin C 30. Scurvy 31. Balanced Diet 32. Energy Value of Food 33. Energy Expenditure of Man 34. Recommended Calorie Requirement 35. Protein Requirement 36. Fat requirement 37. Carbohydrate Requirement 38. Nutritional Requirements of Special Groups 39. Nutrition 40. Malnutrition 41. Kwashiorkor 42. Marasmus 43. Obesity 44.Anaemia 45. Epidemic Dropsy 46. Deficiency Diseases 47. Hygiene 48. Milk Hygiene 49. Meat Hygiene 50. Food Hygiene 51. Fish Hygiene 52. Egg Hygiene 53. Hygiene of Fruits and Vegetables 54. Personal Hygiene 55. Introduction to Enzymes 56. Enzymes Vs Catalysts 57. Enzymes Vs Whole Cells 58. Nomenclature of Enzymes (Classification) 59. Classification of Enzymes 60. Chemistry of Enzymes 61. Enzyme Catalysis 62. Enzyme Activation 63. Properties of Enzymes 64. Mechanism of Enzyme Action 65. Enzyme Kinetics 66. Enzyme Inhibition 67. Factors Affecting Enzyme activity 68. Biological Functions of Enzymes 69. Prosthetic Groups 70. Coenzymes 71. Ribozyme 72. Applied Value of Enzymes in Food Industry 73. Digestion 74. Digestive System of Man 75. Digestion in Man 76. Pancreas of Man 77. Liver of Man 78. Gall Bladder 79. Bile 80. Intestinal Juice or Succus Entericus 81. Role of Enzymes in Carbohydrate Digestion 82. Role of Enzymes in Protein Digestion 83. Role of Enzymes in Lipid Digestion 84. Absorption 85. Absorption of Carbohydrates 86. Absorption of Proteins 87. Absorption of Lipids 88. Physiology of Ruminating Stomach 89. Metabolism 90. Carbohydrate Metabolism 91. Glycogenesis 92. Glycogenolysis 93. Glycolysis 94. Krebs’ Cycle 95. Electron Transport System or Respiratory Chain 96. Oxidative Phosphorylation 97. Energetics of Glucose Metabolism 98. Pasteur Effect 99. Gluconeogenesis 100. Gluconeogenesis of Propionic Acid 101. Gluconeogenesis of Lactic Acid (Cori Cycle) 102. Gluconeogenesis of Glycerol 103. Cori Cycle or Lactic Acid Cycle 104. Uronic Acid Pathway (Metabolism of Glucuronic Acid) 105. Crabtree Effect 106. Inter-relationship of Metabolic Pathways 107. Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism 108. Blood Sugar Level 109. Diabetes Mellitus 110. Glucose Tolerance 111. Glucosuria (Melituria) 112. Lipid Metabolism 113. Metabolism of Lipids (Neutral Fats or Triacylglycerol) 114. Oxidation of Glycerol 115. Fatty Acid Oxidation 116. Fate of the End Products of Fatty Acid Metabolism 117. Ketogenesis 118. Ketosis 119. Keto lysis 120. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids 121. Biosynthesis of Triglycerides 122. Interrelationship of Carbohydrate Lipid and Protein Metabolism 123. Hormonal Regulation of Lipid Metabolism 124. Protein Metabolism 125. Deamination 126. Transamination 127. Decarboxylation 128. Transmethylation 129. Ornithine Cycle 130. The Krebs’ - Urea Cycle is Linked to the Krebs’- Citric Acid Cycle 131. Catabolism of the Carbon Skeleton of Amino Acids 132. Amino Acids Entering by Pyruvic Acid 133. Amino Acids Entering bya-ketoglutaric Acid 134. Amino Acids Entering by Succinyl Coenzyme A 135. Catabolism of Ketogenic Amino Acids (Leucine) 136. Catabolism of Amino Acids that are both Ketogenic and Glucogenic 137. Catabolism of Isoleucine 138. Catabolism of Phenylalanin and Tyrosine 139. Inborn Errors of Metabolism 140. Catabolism of Tryptophan 141. Catabolism of Lysine 142. Anabolic Phase of Amino Acids (Biosynthesis of Amino Acids) 143. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids from Glutamic Acid144. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids from Serine 145. Anabolism of Proteins (Biosynthesis of Proteins) 146. Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism 147. Respiration 148. Respiratory Organs in Animals 149. Respiratory Organ of Man 150. Mechanism of Respiration in Man 151. Control of Respiration 152. Respiratory Pigments 153. Transport of Gases-Oxygen Transport 154. CO2 Transport 155. Anaerobiosis 156. Respiratory Quotient 157. Biological Oxidation 158. Circulation 159. Circulatory Organs 160. Circulating Media 161. Typical Pattern of Circulation 162. Blood 163. Blood Cholesterol Level 164. Blood Urea Level 165. Blood Sugar Level 166. Haemopoiesis and Erythropoiesis 167. Blood Coagulation 168. Blood Clot 169. Anticoagulants 170. Blood Groups - ABO Blood Groups 171. Rh Blood Groups 172. Importance of Blood Group Studies 173. Human Heart 174. Coronary Circulation 175. Cardiac Output 176. Heartbeat 177. Cardiac Rhythm 178. Regulation of Heartbeat 179. Bradycardia (Slow Heart Rate) 180. Tachycardia (High Heart Rate) 181. Origin of Heartbeat 182. Conduction of Heartbeat 183. Electrocardiogram (ECG) 184. Blood Pressure 185. Heart Failure 186. Lymphatic System 187. Immunology 188. Excretion 189. Excretory Organs 190. Excretory Products 191. Origin of Excretory Products 192. Origin of Ammonia 193. Origin of Urea 194. Origin of Uric Acid 195. Classification of Animals on the Basis of Excretory Products 196. Environmental Influence on Excretion 197. Kidney of Man 198. Nephron 199. Hormonal Regulation of Kidney 200. Diuresis 201. Micturition 202. Kidney Stones 203. Dialysis 204. Nephritis 205. Urine 206. Formation of Urine 207. Hair-pin Counter Current Multiplier Theory 208. Hormones 209. Endocrine Glands 210. Pituitary Gland 211. Growth Hormone or Somatotropic Hormone (GH or STH) 212. Gigantism 213. Acromegaly 214. Dwarfism 215. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone or ACTH 216. Thyrotropin or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone or TSH 217. Follicle Stimulating Hormone or FSH 218. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) or Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) 219. Lactogenic Hormone or Prolactin or Luteotropic Hormone (LTH) 220. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone or MSH 221. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone or MSH 222. Oxytocin 223. Pituitary is the Master Gland - Justify 224. Thyroid Gland 225. Thyroxine 226. Triiodothyronine 227. Thyrocalcitonin 228. Cretinism 229. Myxedema (Gull’s Disease) 230. Exophthalmos (Grave’s Disease) 231. Parathyroid Gland 232. Parathormone 233. Adrenal Gland 234. Glucocorticoids 235. Mineralocorticoids 236. Addison’s Disease 237. Cushing’s Syndrome 238. Adrenaline or Epinephrine 239. Noradrenaline or Norepinephrine 240. Pancreas - Islets of Langerhans 241. Insulin 242. Diabetes 243. Diabetes Mellitus 244. Diabetes Mellitus 245. Androgen 246. Ovary as an Endocrine Gland 247. Oestrogen 248. Progesterone 249. Placenta 250. Thymus as an Endocrine Gland 251. Pineal Gland 252. Melatonin 253. Endocrine Glands in Invertebrates 254. Nervous Coordination 255. Human Brain 256. Hypothalamus 257. Autonomic Nervous System 258. Sympathetic Nervous System 259. Parasympathetic Nervous System 260. Neuron 261. Nerve Impulse 262. Conduction of Nerve Impulse 263. Conduction of Impulse through Non-myelinated Neuron 264. Conduction in Myelinated Neurons 265. Synapse 266. Conduction of Impulse Through Synapse 267. Neuromuscular Junction 268. Neuromuscular Impulse Transmission 269. Reflex Action 270. Receptors 271. Chemoreceptors 272. Photoreceptors 273. Mechanoreceptors 274. Tango receptors 275. Phono receptors 276. Rheo receptors 277. Effectors 278. Ultra Structure of Skeletal Muscle 279. Chemical Composition of Muscles 280. Properties of Skeletal Muscles 281. Tetanus 282. Fatigue 283. Muscle Contraction 284. Mechanism of Muscle Contraction 285. Theories of Muscular Contraction 286. Physico - Chemical Changes During Muscular Contraction 287. Kymograph 288. Body Fluids 289. Intracellular Fluid 290. Extracellular Fluid 291. Interstitial Fluid 292. Electrolytes 293. Homeostasis 294. Water Balance 295. Regulation of Water Balance by Hypothalamus 296. Regulation of Water Balance by Kidneys 297. Role of ADH in Body Fluid Regulation 298. Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) 299. Electrolyte Balance 300. Body Buffer System 301. Acid Base Balance 302. Acidosis 303. Alkalosis 304. Osmoregulation 305. Mechanism of Osmoregulation 306. Classification of Animals on the Basis of Osmoregulation 307. Osmoregulation in Crustaceans 308. Osmoregulation in Chordates 309. Osmoregulation in Fishes 310. Osmoregulation in Amphibia 311. Osmoregulation in Reptiles 312. Osmoregulation in Birds 313. Osmoregulation in Mammals 314. Thermoregulation 315. Thermoregulation in Camel 316. Bioluminescence 317. Reproduction 318. Asexual Reproduction 319. Sexual Reproduction 320. Male Reproductive System 321. Female Reproductive System 322. Oestrous Cycle 323. Reproductive Cycles 324. Menstrual Cycle 325. Pregnancy 326. Parturition 327. Hormonal Control of Reproductive Cycles 328. Menopause 329. Lactation 330. Birth Control 331. Physical Barriers of Birth Control 332. Hormonal Methods of Birth Control 333. Surgical Methods of Birth Control 334. Chronobiology 335. Biological Clock 336. Behaviour 337. Aging (Senescence) 338. Practicals 339. Spotters 340. University Questions 341. Glossary Index